1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent: synthetic high relaxation rate MRI contrast agent. Provides a paramagnetic center in molecular imaging probes.
2. Catalytic chemistry: used as a Lewis acid catalyst in organic synthesis reactions. Used as a cocatalyst in olefin polymerization or ring-opening polymerization.
3. Functional materials: as dopants or matrix components.
4. Biomedical research: gadolinium sources for time-resolved fluorescent labels used in immunodetection or cell imaging. Provide metal coordination functions in targeted drug carriers or radiopharmaceuticals.
